naive scientist vs cognitive miser

Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. /StructParents 6 Rossi . Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. /Font << /F2 22 0 R endobj /GS8 28 0 R [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. [37] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. << How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? >> >> /Author (Fiske) People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. /Widths [278] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? >> *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I @OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ endobj 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] /ParentTree 19 0 R What are the major forms of household income? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 2 0 R -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ->paying an increase of the original price for extras 25 0 obj /CS /DeviceRGB /S /Transparency economic zones to fisheries. /Type /Group Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. << Discuss the validity of each statement. Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known What does WEIRD refer to? >> 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. Journalize Versailles Co.s entries to record the payment. This switch in processing between the two can be termed, A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology. -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. /F1 21 0 R /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /F3 23 0 R /ToUnicode 367 0 R How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? endobj /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) [16][17][18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. traits associated with the stereotype. /F2 22 0 R Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. /S /Transparency People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. These shortcuts include the use of heuristicsOpens in new window, schemasOpens in new window, stereotypesOpens in new window, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. << Heuristics are one way that we save resources. The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. This article describes an anomalous social space within the field of homelessness in San Francisco, that of "pro" recyclers, homeless men who spend much of their time collecting recyclables for redemption. But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. >> Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. /Type /Catalog Explain the significance of /F1 21 0 R /S /Transparency In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. by Emma2201, /Resources << In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. >> -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit 23417270. free . Add to folder 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. /GS8 28 0 R [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. /Resources << The process of understanding what something is by knowing Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. /Group << endobj Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. /Type /Group How can norms influence prejudice and discrimination? (1950s) a. the idea that people neither cognitive misers or naive scientists. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributionalbiases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? -Obedience: submission to authority /Group << xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C -O6'3:gLM./HP7f_Pm.Td]o>/pv/%]*+x/v]s&huL?tF&|A{>[#ncBq7_ \* gUF g53sV{jwL~*Q?L"\Nc7S;Jv_TO#,$=wa)3bpmn0`n^m9s;'g0lOwPO qu?tv,. Jonathan A. . 6 0 obj -Examples: sports events. /Type /Group -Out group: (them) {\text { Price }} & {\text { Quantity }} \\ Olivier . /Group << /Font << Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. doctor, waitress, lecturer), Social group schemas/stereotypes: knowledge structures aboutsocial groups (e.g. 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Type /StructTreeRoot Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 /Type /ExtGState >> /GS8 28 0 R Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. << System 2 may also have no clue to the error. /F3 23 0 R Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the What percentage showed complete compliance? /Tabs /S People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the -TST: a fill in the blank text, first test was "I am" second test was "I am ___ at school" /S /Transparency 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R >> >> Naive scientist b. What is what? /Type /Pages [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. /CA 1 Barr . What is an internal versus an external attribution? . Naive Scientist Trying to work out the cause and effect of things in our social world Cognitive Misers Trying to save time and effort to understand the social world Heuristics Mental shortcuts that reduce the complexity of judgement (More/Less) Time, Cognitive Load, Importance, Information and Emotions 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ Which is viewed as more heterogeneous? Sometimes leads us to hold on to incorrect and negativebeliefs/schemas. << [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. Sandrine . /GS8 28 0 R >> how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /CS /DeviceRGB >> The nave scientist and attribution theory Further information: Attribution theory Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. /Tabs /S 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 3 0 obj How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? -2008 first black president << >> Stolz . Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. /Tabs /S How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. endobj /Footer /Sect In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? endobj 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 /StructParents 5 The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. >> According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. /Annots [34 0 R] What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /CS /DeviceRGB According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better /F3 23 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB if we can't find evidence that matches the hypothesis is false. [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group Our pages contain various quotes with which our editorial team does not always agree. 10 0 obj What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. To reduce prejudice, what situations need to be established? For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. How does the combined spending on both types of consumer goods compare to the spending on services? >> x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F <> << Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? [29][30] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. 10 [286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R April 2013 . The cognitive miser theory is an . -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>comCollectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. /Type /Group /Type /StructElem >> /Group << The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. /Type /Group -Social loafing: where individuals become less productive in groups [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. /GS7 27 0 R July 2015 . [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Font << << The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". >> /K [20 0 R] In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. /BaseFont /Times-Roman "Errors and biases in our impressions of others are caused by motivations." This is true in what view of the social thinker? /Artifact /Sect /F3 23 0 R /F2 22 0 R >> providing prescriptive norms for understanding ourselves in relations to DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. /F4 24 0 R Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. perception of our world. >> System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. /Dialogsheet /Part -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. >> /FontDescriptor 363 0 R -employ equal status contact, need equal opportunities, -Need to belong: a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions. /Pages 2 0 R The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. >> As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. /Workbook /Document Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. [5] [6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. /Parent 2 0 R /S /Transparency In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. /Type /Page As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. << >> An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, /Group << ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights /Subtype /Type1 ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /F5 25 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> /Font << /Parent 2 0 R /LastChar 32 -Pool study: experienced players did better when being watched and newer players did worse when being watched. /F4 24 0 R << /Annotation /Sect What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. What is the "door-in-the-face" technique? /Tabs /S 500 0 0 389 278] -Cognitive component: stereotypes The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. >> Pennycook . What variables influence whether or not people conform? >> /GS7 27 0 R >> A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. /Producer >> >> The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. /Contents 35 0 R Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. 4,000 & 9,000 \\ -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating 24 0 obj as. /Chartsheet /Part COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts 48 . On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. 2 0 obj 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . /Font << certain conditions. /Macrosheet /Part "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes. What is obedience? 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. /Tabs /S What is the motivation of the flawed scientist? Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts What factors affect obedience? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Subtype /Type0 /Type /Font Rationality and the reflective mind . . /Creator (alibabadownload.com) /F1 21 0 R /P 3 0 R [33] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. -Lowballing: getting people to commit to a certain amount >> What is conformity? << /GS8 28 0 R [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. >> /Contents 42 0 R -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. 2,000 & 11,000 \\ 17 0 obj /Chart /Sect /GS7 27 0 R -Threat of isolation: can lead us to behave in self-destructive ways and even impair, -Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by group members. /F2 22 0 R -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 8 [240 0 R 241 0 R 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". endobj |k, y+zSe(S")0(|c^$i)}`#_~:ppq(i.kyo(|49R;e3!q|k0d8zhT6ax AVERSIVE students and group work, are you assertive? It is an important concept in social cognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. can use quick, automatic heuristics without deliberating in some contexts & controlled, effortful thinking with carefuldeliberation in others, SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE Explores the neurologicalunderpinnings of processestraditionally examined by socialpsychology, use of fMRI to study brainphenomena, e.g. [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R

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