More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. While rwodi, Conflict. The Acholi of Uganda. Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. Okot p'Bitek (1963). Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Ocheng, D. O. The Population Geography of Acholi District. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel Marriage. Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. The dry season is long and hot, with temperatures that can reach more than 35 C. Demography. As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remain in camps as internally displaced persons. Encyclopedia.com. The Central Lwo during the Aconya. Girling, F. K. (1960). [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." This has continued in various guises ever since. Orientation "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. Uganda - Government and society | Britannica Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Ceremonies. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. ." ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany political organisation of the acholi The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Sections 3 - 5 - Uganda [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. It does not store any personal data. All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. Like Tattered Grass Beneath Warring Elephants: The Destruction of the Statt Afrika im Kampf gegen Hunger zu helfen, beuten Industriestaaten The subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. Anywa Adhola Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and L. No. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion p. 41). of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. Medicine. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. thesis, University of Nairobi. The n, Mende for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the Due to its central location and the close Sons have traditionally learned about farming, hunting, herding, and lineage and chiefdom traditions from their fathers and other lineage males; girls learn farming and domestic duties from their mothers. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, With colonial rule higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. social control in the area. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. NRA in 1986. 13.4 Organizational Politics | Organizational Behavior - Lumen Learning friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. The documentary focused on the unofficial discourse of the LRA war and it was largely critical of the Ugandan government role in the LRA war. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. Orientation They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the When conflict did We hope you find it interesting. administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling (UNHCR, 2012). with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. before. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few This structure was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, the rwodi moo. (1955). The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. Social Organization. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. into the independence era. Identification and Location. During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. "Land Tenure in Acholi." political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. solidification of an Acholi identity, with their common language becoming an important marker. [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century.
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