Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. What Is Abnormal Psychology? Definition and Topics - Verywell Mind The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. Couples treated by couple therapy seem to show greater improvement than couples who do not receive treatment. You are doing your best. 78. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology. b. working through. d. brain circuits. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending? It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Identify and define important neurotransmitters. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies. 111. b. cultural. We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. What is learning? This person is an A student but does not like being right under the nose of the professor, especially if he/she tends to spit when lecturing. A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. b. unconditional self-regard. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? d. classical conditioning. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. Banduras Classic Experiment. b. social factors leading to stress. b. ego. ADHD is more common in males than females, though females are more likely to have inattention issues. Dealing with anxiety. c. sociocultural. d. bipolar disorder. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral . Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 c. emphasizes the importance of having a positive outlook. As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another persons actions and ignore situational factors. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? A cognitive-behavioral therapist would MOST likely recommend: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. PSYC 203 Chapter 2: Models of Abnormality, Week 12: CNS Drugs Neurodegenerative, Neurolo, Week 11: PNS Drugs (Cholinergic, Adrenergic). Discuss the concept of a model and identify those important to understanding psychopathology. 3. b. ethnographic studies. What is that factor? Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. b. behavioral-focused c. existential The humanistic perspective. Important here is that specific culture- and gender-related diagnostic issues are discussed for each disorder, demonstrating increased awareness of the impact of these factors. a. humanistic therapy. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. We can also ask the patient probing questions, seek information from family members, examine medical records, and in time, organize and process all this information to better understand the persons condition and potential causes. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. 40. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. Think of it as an If-Then statement. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. Models aid us with doing all of this. Communication in the nervous system. b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. 81. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. Chapter 14 Flashcards | Chegg.com All while doing this, we will identify areas of concern for psychologists focused on the treatment of mental disorders. 2.2.1.6. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. This response does not need to be learned and shows the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yielding an unconditioned response (UCR). c. the conscious mind. c. gestalt therapy. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. past experiences. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. Masons parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while . a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. 17. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? a. to lessen the power of thoughts b. to stop the client from comparing himself or herself to others c. to decrease internal negative self-talk d. to increase awareness of why the client behaves a certain way. 12. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? 58. Module 6: Dissociative Disorders - Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: a. existential. 149. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? Examples include abnormal blood levels, damaged cells, and abnormal gene expression. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. These medications fall under five major categories. All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. If your parents resort to alcohol consumption to deal with stressors life presents, then you also might do the same. Figure 2.2. d. it is too narrow in certain ways. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. d. client-centered therapy. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. c. congenital malformations. This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. b. self theory. a. How so? When a doctor strikes your knee with that little hammer, your leg extends out automatically. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. To begin, an applied behavior analyst identifies a target behavior, or behavior to be changed, defines it, works with the client to develop goals, conducts a functional assessment to understand what the undesirable behavior is, what causes it, and what maintains it. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. Members of a family operate very independently of one another. Right? It consists of the brain and spinal cord. How so? Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act. Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. 163. Just because there is a relationship between culture and a particular disorder, it does not mean that culture causes the disorder. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? Irrational thought patterns can be the basis of psychopathology. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. b. ego. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. b. a distorted view of the self. A) The humanistic-existential model B) The family-social perspective C) The cognitive model D) The psychodynamic model B The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model. c. deep brain stimulation. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. b. humanistic-existential. Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. 2.3.1.4. In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. In the business setting, a model or trainer demonstrates how to use a computer program or run a register for a new employee. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: a. cognition-focused therapists. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. Participants have similar issues. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: show unconditional positive regard for the client's statements. In terms of the latter, some symbols are linked to the person specifically, while others are common to all people. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: a. enmeshed structure. Psychology Chapter 13 Flashcards - Easy Notecards Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. 20. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. This is a physical aspect of what disease? Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression. The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse. I bet the bad behavior ended too. Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. And then we return to resting potential, as you saw in Figure 2.4. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do, say, or think/feel) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. b. behavior-focused therapists. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. b. d. displacement. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. 2.3.4.2. Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. 153. b. the libido. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. The procedure is still the most controversial available to mental health professionals due to its effectiveness vs. the side effects, the objectivity of ECT experts, and the recent increase in ECT as a quick and easy solution, instead of long-term psychotherapy or hospitalization (https://www.mhanational.org/ect). 2.3.3.1. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has not been able to help her get rid of them. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. 12. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. c. explain the connection between religious practices and mental health. There is no individual model that completely explains human behavior and so each model contributes in its own way. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? d. sociocultural. Biological theorists view abnormal behavior as a(n): a. illness. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. Modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. Nervous breakdown c. Impairment d. Distress Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. Shonda responds by changing the subject. Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. c. illogical thinking. You are doing your best. c. overgeneralization. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. 2.3.3.6. 2.2.1.2. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. Choose one answer. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. Module Overview. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? Types include habituation, or when we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment such as a fan running in your laptop as you work on a paper, and sensitization, or when our reactions are increased due to a strong stimulus, such as an individual who experienced a mugging and now panics when someone walks up behind him/her on the street. a. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. b. anal stage. d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. It is difficult to research this perspective. c. psychosurgery. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. How so? d. lend itself easily to research. c. existential. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. 18. For instance, people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) have difficulty regulating serotonin. A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog.
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