list of boiler explosions

The SS Sultana in Helena, Arkansas, April 26, 1865 a day before her destruction by a boiler explosion. For most of this century, the public, law enforcement agencies, emergency response teams, and industry standards groups have looked to the National Board for assistance in setting guidelines for boiler safety. Firefighters and other well-trained emergency personnel follow important protocols for identifying flows of superheated material. For a short status of European steam users' associations and boiler insurance companies c. 1897, see Hale . Furniture, even several rooms from the point of the explosion, will become airborne. Between 1880 and 1890 there were over 2,000 boiler explosions in the United States. The explosion of the steamboat Sultana's boiler in 1865 was the cause of the largest loss of life in US maritime history. A common cause of explosion is the runaway firing condition that takes place when the boilers burner does not shut off. EXPLOSIONS OF STEAM BOILERS. The Midland Railway 2511 Class was a class of 2-6-0 steam locomotives built by the Schenectady Locomotive Works in the United States, as a supplemental order to the 2501 Class built by Baldwin that same year. The frames for the new 4-8-2's were all-new castings with integral cylinders, so 5555 used the boiler from 5070, and probably not much from 4240. Several written sources provide a concise description of the causes of boiler explosions: "The principal causes of explosions, in fact the only causes, are deficiency of strength in the shell or other parts of the boilers, over-pressure and over-heating. Everyone stops moving immediately. A steam explosion can occur in any kind of a water heater, where a sufficient amount of energy is delivered and the steam created exceeds the strength of the vessel. Air tank explosion View photos and incident reports below that detail boiler and air tank explosions from across the country: Loy-Lange Box Company catastrophic pressure vessel failure Ammonia nurse tank Air tank explosions: Air tank in home garage Poorly constructed air tank Too much pressure Boiler explodes at Minnesota daycare The annual number of deaths has seesawed over the past 10 years (see Figure 1), with the only sustained downward trend over three years taking . The result is devastating damage to anything in the vicinity. There are two primary reasons that commonly cause boiler explosions. Initially built as saturated, from 1910 to 1914, they were equipped with superheated boilers. Boston Stamping Company, under Seavey & Co. Hemingway Paint & Colour Manufacturers boiler explosion, British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT), IMechE formed, emphasizing the importance of specialized mechanical knowledge, particularly with respect to steam power (i.e., see also. The cracks offered a starting point for internal corrosion, which could hasten failure. In response to a brewery explosion, a private society is founded to offer boiler inspections to its members. Check the low fire start interlock. The reactor did not explode, nor did the vessel rupture. -Dana Corporation, Paris Tennessee, 400 Hp fire-tube boiler explosion 6/19/2007. Fireboxes were generally made of copper, though later locomotives had steel fireboxes. A common form of minor firebox "explosion" is known as "drumming" and can occur with any type of fuel. Early on, pressure boiler failures were prevented largely by thickening the walls and tubes of a boiler. The. A total of seventy-of the class were built for the NER. This article contains a list of steam boiler explosions such as railway locomotive, marine transport (military and civilian), and stationary power. In response to a brewery explosion, a private society is founded to offer boiler inspections to its members. These boiler explosions were not unusual in the early days of steam power when serious accidents occurred on steamships, on locomotives and in factories. BOILER ACCESSORIES, THERMIC FLUID HEATERS & SPECIALTY FABRICATION. Maharashtra, India. The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) 4ft Shunter was a class of 0-4-0ST steam locomotives. If a human hand were to reach up unsuspectingly, trying to detect the steam, it too, could be cut by superheated steam! 1983 . So in the case of a large locomotive which can hold as much as 10,000kg (22,000lb) of water at a high pressure and temperature state, this explosion would have a theoretical energy release equal to about 1,160 kilograms (2,560lb) of TNT. [24][25], Whether, in 1879, the boiler of Canada's Waubuno exploded or not, and, if it exploded, whether it was due to negligent upkeep or to contact with the cold water of Georgian Bay while foundering in a storm, is contested.[26]. The second-most common cause of boiler explosion is caused due to fuel/air explosion that takes place in the furnace. In this case, when the hot-water heater is connected to the city water supply on one . A boiler explosion is a catastrophic failure of a boiler. Oil fumes, natural gas, propane, coal, or any other fuel can build up inside the combustion chamber. There can be many different causes, such as failure of the safety valve, corrosion of critical parts of the boiler, or low water level. ; Series 1 Volume 52 (Part I)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boiler_explosion&oldid=1133939246, Bartrip, P.W.J. Several operational situations can bring on the violent, deafening blasts that result when a buildup of pressure is suddenly released. (Includes Discussion)", "HomeT. Your email address will not be published. If steam is released normally, say by opening a throttle valve, the bubbling action of the water remains moderate and relatively dry steam can be drawn from the highest point in the vessel. Secondary Low-Water Fuel Cutoff Probe: Is It as Safe as You Think? ; Series 1 Volume 49 (Part I)", "The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. After extensive research on boiler explosion accidents and causes behind boiler blasts,we collected few steam boiler safety precautions & tips for boiler maintenance staff. ", For a short status of European steam users' associations and boiler insurance companies c. 1897, see. During normal operation, the liquid water remains in the bottom of the boiler due to gravity, steam bubbles rise through the liquid water and collect at the top for use until saturation pressure is reached, then the boiling stops. A boiler explosion is a catastrophic failure of a boiler.There are two types of boiler explosions. A fuel explosion within the confines of the firebox may damage the pressurized boiler tubes and interior shell, potentially triggering structural failure, steam or water leakage, and/or a secondary boiler shell failure and steam explosion. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was founded in 1880 in response to boiler explosions that became common with the use of steam power. These individuals will ensure that the boiler and all boiler . And that is exactly what the National Board views as a primary goal. In the case of a firebox explosion, these typically occur after a burner flameout. Answer (1 of 4): Since the earliest days of steam propulsion, when boiler design wasn't very far advanced, there were instances of boiler explosions in ships. Over the years, various estimates of the potential energy of a boiler or pressure-vessel explosion have been presented, with the intent of demonstrating the danger of this equipment if not properly maintained. Cookie policy. A large explosion occurred at a Kleen Energy Systems 620-megawatt, Siemens combined cycle gas- and oil- fired power plant in Middletown, Connecticut, United States. Water heaters can explode with surprising violence when their safety devices fail. Actually, a typical malfunction can result when normally benign, saturated steam is forced out of its temperature/pressure equilibrium by a combination of valves shutting and extra energy being introduced into the system. Several different attempts were made to cause a boiler to explode by various means, but one of the most interesting experiments demonstrated that in certain circumstances, if a sudden opening in the boiler allowed steam to escape too rapidly, water hammer could cause destruction of the entire pressure vessel: "A cylindrical boiler was tested and withstood a steam pressure of 300 pounds (300 psi or 2,068 kPa) without injury." However, improved design and maintenance markedly reduced the number of boiler explosions by the end of the 19th century. [15] It was eventually found that this internal corrosion could be reduced by using plates of sufficient size so that no joints were situated below the water level. The Colliery Engineers Company (1900) Locomotive Boilers (I.C.S. SaveryExplosion[1] 1716 Industrial United Kingdom 1 Brunton's Mechanical Traveller[2] July 31, 1815 Locomotive United Kingdom Philadelphia, Tyne and Wear 16 The Washington[3] 1816 Marine (Civilian) United States Marietta, Ohio 12 5 The Aetna[3] May 15, 1824 Marine (Civilian) United States New York City, New York 10 40 That incident resulted in 58 deaths and 117 injuries and completely leveled the factory. Causes of boiler explosions There are many causes for boiler explosions such as poor water treatment causing scaling and over heating of the plates, low water level, a stuck safety valve,. One type is a failure of the pressure parts of the steam and water sides. Email:enquiry@rakhoh.com, RAKHOH BOILERSS-11, T Block, M.I.D.C.,Bhosari, PUNE - 411 026. June 17, 1831 - Charleston, South Carolina, United States: After the pressure safety valve is tied down by one of the train's crew, the Best Friend of Charleston locomotive explodes. However, a number of serious boiler accidents still occurredfrom 1893 to 1903, more than 1,200 people were killed in the United States in 1,900 separate boiler explosions. This reduction of pressure caused the sudden formation of a great quantity of steam within the water, and the heavy mass of water being thrown with great violence toward the opening whence the steam was being withdrawn, struck the portions of the boiler near that opening and caused the fracture."[5]. ASME formed, largely in response to calls for improvements in boiler safety, Required notice of a boiler explosion to be sent to the Board of Trade within 24 hours of occurrence and established inquiry authorizations, The "Code for the Conduct of Trials of Steam Boilers", the first U.S. code for conducting boiler tests, is issued, Extended 1882 requirements to marine vessels, The ASME Boiler Code Committee issues "Standards for Specifications and Construction of Boilers and Other Containing Vessels in Which High Pressure is Contained". Summary:This article was originally published in theWinter 1996 National Board BULLETIN. However, the explosive potential is ever present and very real, especially if regular maintenance and repair are ignored. Of the 13 firebox collapses, four were due to broken stays, one to scale buildup on the firebox, and the rest were due to low water level. The design was later continued by a similar design by his brother James Stirling. A furnace explosion is usually the result of ignition and instantaneous combustion of highly flammable gas, vapor, or dust that has accumulated in a boiler. It results in damaging the metal of the boiler and eventually boiler explosion if left overlooked. Melt down This is a result of the heating surface metal reaching its melting point. Throughout the 20th century, two boiler barrel failures and thirteen firebox collapses occurred in the UK. Railroad passengers were rarely harmed by boiler explosions. Employee Sustains Burns During Boiler Maintenance. In particular, grooves could occur along horizontal seams (lap joints) below water level. 30 Locomotive boiler explosions ideas | locomotive, boiler, train wreck Locomotive boiler explosions 30 Pins 6y L Collection by Lonnie Carter Similar ideas popular now Train Steam Old Train Toy Trains Set Old Trains Old Steam Train Steam Trains Railroad Art Model Railroad Vapor Time Travel Machine Model Train Accessories Of the 450 passengers on board more than 250 died, including Henry Clemens, the younger brother of the author Mark Twain. Here the increase in volume is a factor of approximately 1,600 to 1. In Manchester, the "Association for the Prevention of Steam Boiler Explosions, and for effecting Economy in the Raising and Use of Steam" is formed and, eschewing direct regulation, advocates creation of trained inspectors. This article contains a list of steam boiler explosions such as railway locomotive, marine transport , and stationary power. Amazingly, the ship managed to drop its anchor and safely stop. -Ford's River Rouge Plant, Dearborn, Michigan, Gas Boiler explosion, 6 killed 2/1/1999. In addition, the construction must adhere to strict engineering guidelines set by the relevant authorities. Steam boilers, if left unchecked, are potential bomb that cause severe damage to the process plant and operating team. On land-based boilers, explosions of the pressure systems happened regularly in stationary steam boilers in the Victorian era, but are now very rare because of the various protections provided, and because of regular inspections compelled by governmental and industry requirements. [13] Since standard pressure saturated water has a specific enthalpy of just 418.91kJ/kg (190.01kJ/lb),[14] the difference between the two specific enthalpies, 544.8kJ/kg (247.1kJ/lb), is the total energy expended in the explosion. The rapid release of steam and water can provide a very potent blast, and cause great damage to surrounding property or personnel. The Use of Pressure Vessels for Human Occupancy in Clinical Hyberbaric Medicine, Thermally Induced Stress Cycling (Thermal Shock) in Firetube Boilers, Top Ten Boiler and Combustion Safety Issues to Avoid, Typical Improper Repairs of Safety Valves, Wasted Superheat Converted to Hot, Sanitary Water, Water Maintenance Essential to Prevent Boiler Scaling, Welding Consideration for Pressure Relief Valves. Parts of the firebox in contact with full steam pressure have to be kept covered with water, to stop them overheating and weakening. This usually causes no damage in locomotive type boilers, but can cause cracks in masonry boiler settings if allowed to continue. [16][17] Eventually the simple lap seam was replaced by the single or double butt-strap seams, which do not suffer from this defect. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Between 1880 and 1890 there were over 2000 boiler explosions in the United States. | Hmoob The Glasgow and South Western Railway (GSWR) 52 class was a class of six 0-4-0 steam goods locomotives designed in 1864, by Patrick Stirling. To learn more about our products and services, visit www.rakhoh.com, Your email address will not be published. Number of explosion incidents, by container type U.S. 2019 Number of explosive attacks, by area in 2013 Share of people who agree the world has become more dangerous by country 2018 Because the dangerous potential of boilers is a situation that can be controlled, the National Board has an opportunity to extend its leadership role in the arena of safety. One type is a failure of the pressure parts of the steam and water sides. The next day the boiler of the tow-boat Baltic exploded in Mobile Bay, killing and fatally injuring several people. The boiler barrel failures occurred at Cardiff in 1909 and Buxton in 1921; both were caused by misassembly of the safety valves causing the boilers to exceed their design pressures. Email: enquiry@rakhoh.com, GET IN TOUCH ACLfan Username ACLfan Before materials science, inspection standards, and quality control caught up with the rapidly growing boiler manufacturing industry, a significant number of boiler explosions were directly traceable to poor design, workmanship, and undetected flaws in poor quality materials. Further improvements continued in the 20th century. Corrosion along the edges of lap joints was a common cause of early boiler explosions. 59% Non-critical 35% Critical 3% No Leak Found But we had: 7 Dissolving Tank Explosions 4 Smelt Water Furnace Explosions Boiler Location Next, let's have a look at where did the incidents. The Midland Railway Class 2 4-4-0 was a series of 12 classes of 4-4-0 steam locomotives built by and for the Midland Railway between 1876 and 1901 while Samuel W. Johnson held the post of locomotive superintendent. Steam pressures were regularly cranked up to produce additional work. All "natural" sources of water contain dissolved air, which is released as a gas when the water is heated. | Chinese/, Payment FAQs, program report, tax return information, Electricians, electrical installers and elevator constructors, Residential contractors, remodelers, roofers. Boiler explosions generally fell into two categories. -St Mary's Hospital, Pennington Avenue, Passaic, New Jersey: Cleaver Brooks boiler Explosion 7/15/2006. The Midland Railway 990 class was a class of 4-4-0 steam locomotive. It was the train crew that was almost always killed. The NER 708 Class was a class of 0-6-0 freight steam locomotive of the North Eastern Railway, designed by Edward Fletcher in 1870. If neglected, corrosion and scaling cause weakening of boiler metal and the welds that seal the tank. It is highly successful and later becomes the modern TV. Also a reminder of the expansive power of steam. A boiler explosion is a catastrophic failure of a boiler. Although the boiler explosion rate is rare compared to boiler installations annually worldwide, it does not entirely eliminate the possibility of boiler explosion. One of the first investigators of the problem was William Fairbairn, who helped establish the first insurance company dealing with the losses such explosions could cause. In a fraction of a second, as hot water flashes to steam, everything turns to darkness and destruction. An old photo of a boiler explosion on a steam locomotive is found on the following site via Google: florida photographic collection; then type in NO38697; and NO38698 for a second view of the accident. Read more about the accident inside the article. Fire and rescue squads have entirely too much familiarity with the explosive potential of even the small pressure vessel in everyones home or apartment, the hot-water heater a device that sometimes is under the regulatory jurisdiction of no organization whatsoever. Monthly Boiler Room Checklist. 3 killed in boiler explosion caught on camera Part of an industrial boiler launched into the air inside a St. Louis plant, leaving three people dead and several others seriously injured, according . SS Ada Hancock, a small steamboat used to transfer passengers and cargo to and from the large coastal steamships that stopped in San Pedro Harbor in the early 1860s, suffered disaster when its boiler exploded violently in San Pedro Bay, the port of Los Angeles, near Wilmington, California on April 27, 1863 killing twenty-six people and injuring many others of the fifty-three or more passengers on board. Usually, in a steam boiler, water is heated to produce steam that is stored in the boiler chamber. In Manchester, the "Association for the Prevention of Steam Boiler Explosions, and for effecting Economy in the Raising and Use of Steam" is formed and, eschewing direct regulation, advocates creation of trained inspectors. YouTube Encyclopedic 1/5 Views: 2 491 1 206 278 589 25 305 12 389 Tsunami2 Diesel Decoder Setup & Operation (Webinar 11) 4x5 inch glass negative. Great Western Railway accidents include several notable incidents that influenced rail safety in the United Kingdom. -SS Helen McGregor, Boiler Explosion, Memphis, TN, February 1830. Later that day, tugboats pushed the Iwo Jima back into port. And as a complicating factor, each state or province has its own inspection rules, and most apply only to commercial operations of a certain size or to water heaters or steam heat systems in dwellings that hold four or more housing units. -SS Helen McGregor, Boiler Explosion, Memphis, TN, February 1830. Another US Civil War Steamboat explosion was the Steamer Eclipse on January 27, 1865, which was carrying members of the 9th Indiana Artillery. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the inspection records of various sources in the U.S., UK, and Europe showed that the most frequent cause of boiler explosions was weakening of boilers through simple rusting, by anywhere from two to five times more than all other causes. WHY BOILER EXPLOSIONS CAUSE INJURY AND DEATH Atmospheric Pressure of 15 PSI. There are two types of boiler explosions. Corrosion along the edges of lap joints was a common cause of early boiler explosions. Charred remains after a boiler explosion at a factory in Bihar . box manufacturer ultimately resulted in three deaths in April, 2017. The SL-1 nuclear reactor accident is an example of a superheated burst of steam. for two views of the exploded boiler, attributed to low water pressure and a defective safety valve. A vessel without power is known as a dead ship. We strongly recommend that any home or business receive a regular annual service conducted by safety engineers. Instead, the length of wood indicates the area of the leak or, preferably, the clear path around the leak and the personnel can be shown a path to safety. -Staten Island Ferry, Westfield II, FT boiler explosion: July 30, 1871. -1840 Henry R. Worthington invented boiler feed pump.. -1887 Robert Henry Thurston's book Steam Boiler Explosions in Theory, and in Practice is published, Sacramento Daily Union, Volume 10, Number 1456, 24 November 1855 p.2, col.5, Huddersfield Chronicle, 17 Dec 1873, p4, printed in Huddersfield, England, Lincolnshire Echo, 24 Aug 1907, p4, col3, printed in Lincoln, England, Directors minutes of North Lonsdale Ironworls Co, BDB47 box 16 at CRO, Barrow, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 01:53, Learn how and when to remove this template message, New York Telephone Company building explosion, The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, Gesellschaft zur berwachung und Versicherung von Dampfkesseln, "Explosion of a Steam Packet Boiler at Hull", "Abstract of the evidence at the inquest relating to the explosion of the boiler of the "Union" steam packet at Hull", "On the Explosion of One of the Boilers of the Union Steam Packet, at Hull. Fortunately, such disasters are rare, considering the huge number of boilers and pressure vessels in use worldwide. The NBIC, ASME, and others attempt to ensure safe boiler designs by publishing detailed standards. The number one way to prevent a boiler explosion is to ensure that the boiler is regularly inspected and maintained by trained individuals. Boiler explosion pictures Salem, Massachusetts - November 2007 In the early morning of Nov. 6, 2007, a boiler explosion at the Salem Harbor generating station of Dominion Energy New England in Salem, Massachusetts resulted in the deaths of three employees. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of boiler explosions". A later investigation concluded that the 26,000-pound (12,000kg) vessel had jumped 9 feet 1 inch (2.77 m) and the upper control rod drive mechanisms had struck the ceiling of the reactor building prior to settling back into its original location"[12]. Such failures are caused by corrosion of vital parts, failure of safety valves, or low water levels. It is a result of the boiler operating on very low water conditions. The cause was traced to a poorly executed repair to the shell of one boiler; the patch failed, and debris from that boiler ruptured two more. This was the cause of the Gettysburg Railroad firebox explosion[9] near Gardners, Pennsylvania, in 1995, where low water allowed the front of the crown sheet to overheat until the regular crown stays pulled through the sheet, releasing a great deal of steam and water under full boiler pressure into the firebox. More importantly, these acts and this new empowerment of the federal government set the precedent for its future role in consumer protection through the regulation ofprivate enterprise, paving the wayforfederal agencies like the Food and Drug Administration . Many shell-type boilers carry a large bath of liquid water which is heated to a higher temperature and pressure (enthalpy) than boiling water would be at atmospheric pressure. David and Charles . ASME formed, largely in response to calls for improvements in boiler safety, Required notice of a boiler explosion to be sent to the Board of Trade within 24 hours of occurrence and established inquiry authorizations, The "Code for the Conduct of Trials of Steam Boilers", the first U.S. code for conducting boiler tests, is issued, Extended 1882 requirements to marine vessels, The ASME Boiler Code Committee issues "Standards for Specifications and Construction of Boilers and Other Containing Vessels in Which High Pressure is Contained", The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, "Promote greater safety to life and property through uniformity in the construction, installation, repair, maintenance, and inspection of pressure equipment. These conditions disrupt the temperature/pressure balance, causing the fluid (steam) system to seek out a new equilibrium. April 1865 was a significant month in our nation's history. The majority of locomotive explosions are firebox explosions caused by such crown sheet uncovering.[21]. To prevent this, safety valves were installed to release the pressure at a set level. 3. They decide not to follow the. | Soomaali -Givaudan Corporation, Delawanna Avenue, Clifton, New Jersey: Portable Fire Tube Boiler Explosion (1990s) -Ford's River Rouge Plant, Dearborn, Michigan, Gas Boiler explosion, 6 killed 2/1/1999. There ha. THE GREAT LOCOMOTIVE EXPLOSION: A SOCIO-HISTORICAL EXAMINATION OF A TRAGEDY BY FARRELL L. TUCKER INTRODUCTION The following is an examination of the circumstances surrounding the great locomotive boiler explosion that occurred at the Southern Pacific Roundhouse in San Antonio, Texas. The other common cause of explosions was internal corrosion which weakened the boiler barrel so that it could not withstand normal operating pressure. -Givaudan Corporation, Delawanna Avenue, Clifton, New Jersey: Portable Fire Tube Boiler Explosion (1990s). However, its locomotive inheritance was much greater than just the 'A4 Class', it also produced highly successful mixed-traffic and freight designs. New calculations show, for instance, that if liberated in a rupture, a 30-gallon hot-water tank at 90 psig (or 104.7 psia) has approximately 314,095 foot-pounds of energy to flash its water into steam at 332F. Yet another approach to examine the potential explosive force is the flashpoint conversion factor for water to steam. [25] 2010 February 7,2010 Connecticut power plant explosion. In response to a brewery explosion, a private society is founded to offer boiler inspections to its members. There are two types of boiler explosions. If a large crack or other opening in the boiler vessel allows the internal pressure to drop very suddenly, the heat energy remaining in the water will cause even more of the liquid to flash into steam bubbles, which then rapidly displace the remaining liquid. This type of failure is not limited to railway engines, as locomotive-type boilers have been used for traction engines, portable engines, skid engines used for mining or logging, stationary engines for sawmills and factories, for heating, and as package boilers providing steam for other processes. Boilers in dry cleaning operations, pressurized steam cleaners in jewelry shops, air compressors used by painters, pressurized air systems used with power hydraulic lifts in auto repair shops, even instrument sterilizers in dentists offices all are capable of causing injury due to explosion. A package boiler only needs the final connections to be made (electrical, breaching, condensate lines, etc.) BROWSE & SEARCH | BUY THIS PHOTO | BUY DIGITAL IMAGE Log in or register Original Run on the Bank? The St. Louis Fire Department confirmed the three people had died after a boiler explosion in St. Louis, April 3, 2017. The alarming frequency of boiler failures in the U.S. due to defects in materials and design were attracting the attention of international engineering standards organizations, such as the ASME, which established their first Boiler Testing Code in 1884. They are liable to fail through fatigue (because the inner and outer walls expand at different rates under the heat of the fire), from corrosion, or from wasting as the heads of the stays exposed to the fire are burned away. The steam is under immense pressure that requires precise operating methods to prevent boiler explosion. An estimated 1,549 passengers were killed when three of the ship's four boilers exploded and the Sultana burned and sank not far from Memphis, Tennessee. An excess of steam was often cited. Here the resulting vapor explosion occurs when a liquid transforms quickly into a gas, causing a rapid pressure increase. The second type is the collapse of the firebox under steam pressure from the adjoining boiler, releasing flames and hot gases into the cab. "The records kept by the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company show that 170 steam boilers exploded in the United States last year, killing 259 persons and injuring 555.

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